Panleukopenia

What is Panleukopenia? 

Panleukopenia is a disease in cats caused by a parvovirus that can lead to severe diarrhea and vomiting, depletion of the body’s white blood cells, and rapid decline and death. It is very contagious and can survive on surfaces and the environment for a very long time (it is hard to kill). There is a vaccine - it is included in the feline “distemper” combo vaccine (referred to as FVRCP). The virus can be shed before symptoms start and can take up to 2 weeks after exposure to start showing signs.

During the initial phase of the illness, the virus is abundant in all secretions and excretions of infected cats, including saliva, tears, urine, and feces. The virus can be shed in the feces of survivors for up to 6 weeks after recovery. Cats are infected through the mouth and nose by exposure to infected animals, their feces, their secretions, or inanimate objects harboring the virus. Most free-roaming cats are exposed to the virus during their first year of life. Those who develop low-grade infection or survive short-term illness mount a long-lasting, protective immune response.

Most cats infected with the panleukopenia virus show no signs of infection. Those who become ill are usually less than 1 year old. Severe infection may cause death with little or no warning (sometimes called "fading kittens"). Short-term infection causes fever, depression, and loss of appetite after an incubation period of 2 to 7 days. Vomiting usually develops 1 to 2 days after the onset of fever. Diarrhea may occur but is not always present. Extreme dehydration develops rapidly in severe cases. Affected cats may sit for hours at their water bowl, although they may not drink much. The duration of illness is seldom more than 5 to 7 days. Kittens under 5 months of age are most likely to die from panleukopenia virus infection.

This disease is diagnosed based on the signs and laboratory tests. Successful treatment of severe cases requires hospitalization with intravenous fluids and supportive care. Electrolyte (salt) imbalances, low blood sugar, low levels of protein in the blood, anemia, and secondary infections often develop in severely affected cats.

Vaccines that provide solid, long-lasting immunity are available. Kittens typically require several vaccinations, the first of which is usually given at 6 to 9 weeks of age. Your veterinarian will make a recommendation for additional vaccinations based on the health of your cat and your cat’s risk of exposure to the virus.

What can cat owners do to prevent contracting panleukopenia?

• Be sure your cat is always up to date on all vaccines, including the feline “distemper” vaccine.

• Do not bring your cat or bring in any cats to areas where they could expose other cats if they are showing obvious signs of disease.

• Contact your full-service veterinarian for more information.

For more information about Panleukopenia you can visit Merck or National Kitten Coalition